The Qt default filter for Android Intents seems to include only Intents with the Action "android.intent.action.VIEW" (see QAndroidPlatformServices::handleNewIntent).

The default Chrome browser on ChromeOS sends its own action "org.chromium.arc.intent.action.VIEW" when sending an Intent to the app (e.g. when you register your own custom scheme intent-filter in your manifest).

This can be solved by adding either your own "QtAndroidPrivate::NewIntentListener" or by manipulating the Action in the Apps MainActivity/QtActivity, but maybe the problem should be fixed in Qt itself. Possible solutions may be an extension of the current default filter or adding a new custom filter for ChromeOS.