Image loading fails with HTTP/2 protocol error

After upgrading my project from Qt6.8.2 to Qt6.9.1 all QML Image elements fail to load images. On Qt6.8.2 it all works fine.

I see these errors in my log:

13:11:44.737 critical unknown'0 [0x617000482d00] Connection error: HEADERS on invalid stream (1)
13:11:44.737 warning unknown'0 stream 37 error: "HEADERS on invalid stream"
13:11:44.737 warning unknown'0 stream 37 finished with error: "HTTP/2 protocol error"

13:23:59.219 warning unknown'0 stream 15 error: "DATA on invalid stream"
13:23:59.219 warning unknown'0 stream 15 finished with error: "Server dislikes our behavior, excessive load detected."

Of course this only happens in my large app. When I try to reproduce with a small example having a single image the error does not occur:

Image {
    width: height
    height: 50
    fillMode: Image.PreserveAspectFit
    source: "https://cdn.bsky.app/img/avatar/plain/did:plc:524xpptgbs5rxlae5orourbx/bafkreicgbyb4imjhl4cguydcawprmts25owv2yljiagucnqerkhmp7w6b4@jpeg"

}
{{}}

Whereas in my full app, this same URL fails to load. My app is a social media app where posts (with images) are displayed in a ListView. It seems like I get a few errors and after that any subsequent images load stays in loading state forever.