Qt application wizard creates dysfunctional projects (VS2017)

When creating a new Qt GUI application using the Visual Studio Qt wizard, the created project shows messed up Qt project settings and is unable to compile.

Steps to reproduce:

1. Select "New Project -> Visual C++ -> Qt -> Qt GUI Application"
2. Confirm default module selection (Core, GUI, Widgets)
3. Confirm default Qt class / file settings

Result:

1. Qt Project Settings appear mostly empty / no Qt version is selected (see attached screenshot)
2. No Qt modules are selected in the Qt Project Settings
3. Any manual changes to Qt Project Settings are discarded right away (including selecting a Qt version manually)
4. Project is not able to compile as it misses all the include paths and such

Note that a working Qt version (5.5.1) is selected as default Qt version and that any existing Qt projects are working just fine.